پادکست BBC شماره 209 – Does punctuation matter

پادکست BBC شماره 209

سلام با دویست و نهمین سری از پادکست‌های BBC 6 Minute English در خدمت شما هستیم.

در این قسمت درباره اینکه چرا نگارش مهم است و اگر اشتباه کنیم مهم هست ؟ چه اتفاقی میفتد ؟ نیل و آلیس در مورد کاما و چرا توقف کامل نکردن هنگام ارسال پیامک ، می توانند ما را ناعادلانه جلوه دهند.

در زیر کلمات کلیدی که باید با آن‌ها آشنا شوید برایتان توضیح داده شده‌اند:

stuffy : formal

stuffy : رسمی

stickler : somebody who insists on a certain way of doing a particular thing

stickler :  سختگیر، وسواسی

rhetoric : the art of persuasive speaking

rhetoric : سخندانی، سخن سنجی، سخن شناسی

clause : grammatical unit containing a subject and a verb

clause : جمله واره ، دستور زبان شامل فعل و فاعل

sloppy : careless

sloppy :  سر هم بندی شده، شلخته

irony : using words to mean something that is the opposite of its most usual meaning

irony : طعنه

literal : the usual meaning of a word or phrase 

literal : تحت الفظی، حرف به حرف

emoticons : facial expressions made out of keyboard characters

emoticons : شکلک‌ها

Transcript of the podcast

پادکست BBC 6 minute English – Does punctuation matter

Alice
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m Alice…

Neil
And I’m Neil. 

Alice
So, Neil, you texted me earlier and didn’t put a full stop at the end.

Neil
You’re right, I never use full stops in texts – they’re much too stuffy – or formal. Texting is like conversation and you don’t need lots of punctuation.

Alice
Well, punctuation is the subject of today’s show. And I know I’m a bit of a stickler about this, but I think you’re letting the standards of written English language slip.  

Neil
A stickler is someone who insists on a certain way of doing a particular thing.Surely you aren’t such a stickler for punctuation rules that you want to stop the evolution of English, Alice? 

Alice
No, of course not, but I am a stickler when people don’t follow the rules of punctuation because this makes written text ambiguous or difficult to understand.

Neil
Ambiguous means when something has two or more meanings. Can you give me some examples of punctuation making text easier to understand?

Alice
Alright then, here you are: Let’s eat Grandma.

Neil
Ugh! It brings to mind the children’s story Little Red Riding Hood, about a girl, her grandmother and a hungry wolf. Is that the wolf talking to another wolf friend of his?

Alice
No, it’s the girl, Red Riding Hood, talking to her grandmother. And with a well-placed comma it becomes: Let’s eat, Grandma. Without proper punctuation the sentence is ambiguous. Now, before we look at more reasons why punctuation is important, let’s have today’s quiz question.

Neil
OK. What is another word for the keyboard sign that represents a paragraph? Is it…
a) pilcrow?
b) bodkin?
or c) pica?

Alice
I’ll say c) pica.

Neil
Well, we’ll find out later in the show if you got that right or not. 

Alice
Moving on now, punctuation was invented by the Ancient Greeks. They used a series of dots to indicate different lengths of pauses. A short unit of text was a comma, a longer unit was a colon, and a complete sentence was a periodos. We used these terms to name our punctuation marks – although they actually refer to the clauses not to the dots themselves.

Neil
So early punctuation wasn’t about grammar, then?

Alice
No, it was about public speaking. The different dots indicated different lengths of pauses: short, medium, and long. These pauses broke the text up so it was easier to read and therefore easier to understand.

Neil
OK, let’s hear from the punctuation expert, Keith Houston, who is author of Shady Characters: Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiosities. Here he’s talking on BBC Radio 4’s programme Word of Mouth.

INSERT
Keith Houston, author of Shady Characters: Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiosities
Punctuation started off being all about rhetoric – about speech – but we started to assign rules, I think around about the 8th century or so. We started to associate the marks, not just with pauses, but with the actual grammatical units that were used to punctuate. So, a comma wasn’t just a dot that meant, pause for this length of time. It now actually marked out a clause, you know, it marked out a sort of consistent logical bit of writing.

Alice
So rhetoric – or the art of persuasive speaking – was very important to the Greeks and to the Romans. And to be persuasive, you need to be understood. And these little punctuation marks helped the speaker to deliver their text more effectively.

Neil
Later on, these marks were given grammatical functions. The comma marks out a clause – or grammatical unit containing a subject and a verb – as well as telling the reader to pause briefly.

Alice
Are you beginning to see why being sloppy – or careless – with punctuation isn’t a good thing, Neil?

Neil
Yes, I am. Though recent research into texting and punctuation suggests that people consider messages ending in full stops to be less sincere than ones without.

Alice
Really? Well, now might be a good time to hear about how it can be hard to make writing unambiguous. We can misinterpret the written word, even with punctuation to guide us. Here’s Keith Houston again, talking to Michael Rosen, presenter of Word of Mouth.

INSERT
Michael Rosen and Keith Houston
MR: Quite often I notice on Twitter and places like that people misunderstand irony. I mean because we only have text in front of us not intonation. So do we need an irony punctuation –’hello, I’m being ironic now’ – do we need that?
KH: You might say that emoticons are the best way to go about that – a little winking emoticon – you know, semicolon, dash, closing parenthesis.
MR: Oh yes, yes, of course – they’ve invented all these with the punctuation that we have on the keyboard.

Neil
Irony means using words to mean something that is the opposite of its literal – or most usual – meaning. But when we’re online – using email or Twitter – you don’t hear the words, and that’s why it can be hard to know what feelings the writer intended.

Alice
That’s right. When we use emoticons – facial expressions made out of keyboard characters – we can signpost the feelings we intend.

Neil
Now, Alice, remember I asked you: What is another word for the keyboard sign that represents a paragraph? Is it a) pilcrow, b) bodkin or c) pica?

Alice
Yes, I said pica.

Neil
And you were wrong, I’m afraid. The right answer is pilcrow, which comes from the Greek word ‘paragraphos’. The earliest reference of the modern ‘pilcrow’ is from 1440 with the Middle English word ‘pylcrafte’.

Alice
Oh dear, sad face. I hate it when I get the quiz question wrong. Now, can we hear the words we learned today?

Neil
Yes, they are:
stuffy
stickler
rhetoric
clause
sloppy
irony
literal
emoticons

Alice
Well, that’s the end of today’s 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!

Both
Bye!

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