پادکست BBC شماره 253- Evolution before Darwin

پادکست BBC شماره 253

سلام با دویست و پنجاه و سومین سری از پادکست‌های BBC 6 Minute English در خدمت شما هستیم.

در این قسمت درباره Patrick Matthew صحبت میشه. همه ما Charles Darwin را به عنوان کسی می‌شناسیم که نظریه تکاملی را گسترش داد، اما 27 سال قبل از اون شخص دیگری بوده که این نظریه‌ها رو کشف کرده. در این پادکست میخوایم ببنیم چرا Patrick Matthew کاشف نظریه تکاملی به اندازه Charles Darwin مشهور نیست؟

در زیر کلمات کلیدی که باید با آن‌ها آشنا شوید برایتان توضیح داده شده‌اند:

evolution: the way living things change and develop over millions of years

evolution: سیر تکامل

genius: someone with great and unusual skills or abilities in a particular subject or area

genius: نابغه

clever clogs: someone who thinks they know everything

clever clogs: کسی که فکر میکنه همه چیز را میداند

natural selection: how plants and animals adapt to their environment

natural selection: انتخاب طبیعی / چگونه گیاهان و حیوانات خودشون رو با محیط مطابقت میدن

adapt: (here) the way our bodies or our behaviour change to suit new conditions

adapt: سازگار شدن / مطابقت کردن

species: types of living thing

species: گونه ها

transformative: change-making

transformative: تحول پذیر

passed over: ignored

passed over: رد شده / نادیده انگاشته

allies: people who help or support other people in doing something

allies: افرادی که به دیگران کمک می کنند یا حمایت می کنند که کاری رو انجام بدن / متحدین

on board: to have someone’s support for an idea or project

on board: حمایت کسی رو برای یک نظر یا پروژه داشتن

prominent: important and well-known

prominent: برجسته و مشهور

eminent: important and respected

eminent: برجسته

horticulturalist: a person whose job is to study and grow plants such as flowers, fruit and vegetables

horticulturalist: باغبان

appendix: section of a book giving extra information

appendix: پیوست / ضمیمه

Transcript of the podcast

پادکست BBC 6 minute English – Evolution before Darwin

Rob
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m Rob…

Neil
… and I’m Neil. Hello.

Rob
Hello, Neil! Today we’re talking about evolution. Now the man most people think of when talking about evolution is of course Charles Darwin. He was a bit of a genius, wasn’t he?

Neil
He was. Evolution means the way living things change and develop over millions of years. And a genius has great and unusual skills or abilities in a particular subject or area. Well Charles Darwin was a clever man but I happen to know that another man actually came up with the same idea, but many years before he did!

Rob
So how do you know that then, clever clogs – that’s someone who thinks they know everything? What was his name?

Neil
Well, his name was Patrick Matthew.

Rob
OK, well we’re going to learn more about him on today’s programme. But first can you answer this, Neil? What was Patrick Matthew’s job? Was he …

a) a politician?

b) a church minister?

Or c) a horticulturalist?

Neil
Well, I don’t know so I’ll go for the most profession that sounds most interesting – a horticulturalist, so I’ll choose that one! That’s a person who studies plants.

Rob
OK. We’ll find out later whether you are right or wrong. But let’s listen now to Dr Mike Weale talking about Patrick Matthew. Can you hear the word he uses to mean ‘change-making’?…

INSERT
Dr Mike Weale, geneticist at King’s College London
He published a brief outline of the idea of species being able to change into other species through natural selection – this great, transformative idea that unites us all in a single tree of life. And he did that 27 years before Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace did so. And they recognized that he did so but other people since then have simplified the story and tended to concentrate just on Darwin.

Neil
So, Matthew believed that evolution happened by natural selection. And natural selection describes the way that plants and animals adapt to their environment, because some individuals survive and reproduce, and others don’t.

Rob
And adapt means the way our bodies or our behaviour change to suit new conditions.

Neil
And what does Mike mean by ‘a single tree of life’?

Rob
Well, the basic idea behind evolution is that all the different species – or types of living thing – have evolved from the same simple life form. Just like a family tree describes how the members of your family are related to each other, so the ‘tree of life’ describes how all living things are related.

Neil
So if this was a transformative – or change-making – idea, why don’t more of us know about Patrick Matthew?

Rob
A good question, Neil. We heard in the clip that Darwin acknowledged – or accepted – Matthew’s claim to the idea. But it seems to be down to us – the general public – wanting to simplify things.

Neil
Well, I like to keep things simple, Rob.

Rob
You don’t have to tell me that, Neil. But let’s hear more on why Matthew might have been passed over – or ignored – by some. Here’s Dr Patricia Fara, senior tutor at Clare College Cambridge. She tells us why Darwin was so successful. And listen out for the word she uses to mean close friends and supporters.

INSERT
Dr Patricia Fara, Senior Tutor at Clare College Cambridge
He brought his allies on board. And although he was publishing from his stronghold down in Kent he had the most famous, most prominent, eminent members of the scientific society in Victorian times who were pushing on his behalf. Having a scientific theory being accepted is not just a matter of whether the theory’s right.

Rob
The word she used was allies. What are they Neil?

Neil
Allies are people who help or support us in something – having someone on board also means to have someone’s support for an idea or project. And Darwin’s allies weren’t just mates from down the pub, were they?

Rob
No, they weren’t! They were famous, prominent and eminent scientists. Prominent means important and well-known and eminent means important and respected.

Neil
Ah yes! So you could say that I’m an eminent radio presenter, Rob?

Rob
Well, I could Neil, but…

Neil
OK, OK, OK moving on! These eminent scientists were pushing on Darwin’s behalf. In other words, they were taking strong action to promote his theory of evolution.

Rob
And it’s possible that Patrick Matthew did not enjoy the same level of support.

Neil
That could be true. So do you remember the quiz question from the beginning of the show, Rob?

Rob
Indeed I do! I asked: What was Matthew’s job? Was he … a) a politician? b) a church minister? Or c) a horticulturalist?

Neil
And I said c) horticulturalist.

Rob
Yes. And that was the right answer – so well done! Just to remind you: a horticulturalist is a person whose job is to study and grow plants such as flowers, fruit and vegetables. But Matthew was interested in trees too. In fact, his ideas about evolution appear in an appendix – or section giving extra information – at the end of a 200-page book about wood!

Neil
So maybe that’s why we know Darwin’s name but not Matthew’s. It doesn’t seem fair.

Rob
Well, life’s not fair, Neil. You should know that by now!

Neil
I should, I should…

Rob
So why don’t we hear the words we learned today?

Neil
OK. Here we go:

evolution

genius

clever clogs

natural selection

adapt

species

transformative

passed over

allies

on board

prominent

eminent

horticulturalist

appendix

Rob
Thank you, Neil. Well, that’s the end of today’s 6 Minute English. There are plenty more to listen to at bbclearningenglish.com. Please join us again soon.

Both
Bye.

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